Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are essential for certain sperm functions, including capacitation. However, excessive ROS levels cause lipid peroxidation and DNA damage.
Sperm DNA fragmentation has been associated with decreased fertilization rates, poor embryo development, and recurrent pregnancy loss. Contributing factors include smoking, environmental toxins, obesity, infection, and advanced paternal age.
Laboratory evaluation may include assays measuring DNA fragmentation index (DFI). Therapeutic strategies focus on lifestyle modification, antioxidant supplementation, and correction of underlying pathology.
Improving oxidative balance may enhance reproductive erotic outcomes, particularly in assisted reproductive technologies.
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