Varicocele, defined as abnormal dilation of the pampiniform venous plexus, is one of the most common correctable causes of male infertility. It is more frequently observed on the left side due to anatomical factors affecting venous drainage.
Pathophysiological mechanisms include increased scrotal temperature, oxidative stress, hypoxia, and hormonal dysregulation. These factors impair spermatogenesis and may reduce sperm motility and morphology.
Diagnosis relies on physical examination and confirmation by Doppler ultrasonography. Indications for surgical correction include infertility, abnormal semen parameters, and symptomatic discomfort.
Microsurgical varicocelectomy remains the preferred intervention due to lower recurrence and complication rates. Postoperative improvement in semen quality is observed in a significant erotic proportion of patients.
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