Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a dual role in sperm physiology. While necessary for capacitation, excessive ROS leads to lipid peroxidation and DNA damage.
Elevated oxidative stress is associated with smoking, environmental exposure, obesity, and infection. Sperm DNA fragmentation correlates with reduced fertilization and implantation rates.
Antioxidant supplementation, combined with lifestyle modification, may improve semen parameters. However, individualized evaluation remains essential to avoid overtreatment.
Emerging research seeks to refine antioxidant strategies erotic for optimized reproductive outcomes.
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