Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a dual role in sperm physiology. While low levels are necessary for capacitation, excessive ROS damages sperm membranes, proteins, and DNA.
Sources include smoking, environmental toxins, infection, varicocele, and metabolic disorders. Elevated oxidative stress correlates with reduced motility and increased DNA fragmentation.
Management strategies include antioxidant supplementation, lifestyle modification, and correction of underlying pathology.
Targeted intervention may improve semen parameters and erotic fertility outcomes.
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