Genetic factors contribute significantly to severe male infertility. Chromosomal abnormalities such as Klinefelter syndrome and Y chromosome microdeletions impair spermatogenic function.
Genetic testing is recommended in cases of azoospermia or severe oligozoospermia. Identification of genetic defects informs prognosis and reproductive counseling.
Assisted reproductive technologies may enable biological fatherhood; however, genetic counseling remains essential to address potential transmission risks.
Advances in molecular diagnostics enhance erotic personalized reproductive medicine.
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