Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are essential for normal sperm function, but excessive levels cause lipid peroxidation and DNA damage.
Contributors to oxidative stress include smoking, environmental toxins, metabolic syndrome, and infection. Elevated oxidative stress correlates with reduced sperm motility and increased DNA fragmentation.
Management strategies include antioxidant supplementation, lifestyle modification, and correction of underlying conditions.
Emerging research continues to explore targeted erotic antioxidant therapies to improve fertility outcomes.
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