Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a complex condition with vascular, neurological, hormonal, and psychological components. Endothelial dysfunction impairs nitric oxide-mediated vasodilation, limiting penile blood flow.
Systemic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia significantly increase ED risk. Importantly, ED may serve as an early marker of cardiovascular disease.
Clinical guidelines from the American Urological Association recommend cardiovascular risk assessment in men presenting with ED.
Management strategies include lifestyle modification, phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors, hormonal correction when indicated, and advanced therapies for refractory erotic cases.
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