Azoospermia, defined as the complete absence of sperm in ejaculate, affects approximately 1% of the male population and 10–15% of infertile men.
It is categorized as obstructive or non-obstructive. Obstructive azoospermia results from blockage in the reproductive tract, while non-obstructive azoospermia involves impaired sperm production.
Evaluation includes hormonal profiling, genetic testing, scrotal ultrasonography, and sometimes testicular biopsy. Guidelines from the European Association of Urology recommend tailored diagnostic strategies based on clinical presentation.
Management options include surgical reconstruction, sperm retrieval techniques, and assisted reproductive technologies erotic such as intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI).
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