Although testosterone is the primary male sex hormone, estrogens play an essential regulatory role in male physiology. In men, estrogens are produced mainly through aromatization of testosterone in adipose tissue and other peripheral organs.
Balanced androgen–estrogen interaction is critical for bone health, libido, spermatogenesis, and cardiovascular function. Excess estrogen or insufficient androgen levels may result in infertility, gynecomastia, and sexual dysfunction.
Clinical andrology increasingly emphasizes hormonal balance rather than isolated testosterone measurement erotic when evaluating male endocrine health.
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