Azoospermia, defined as the absence of sperm in the ejaculate, may be obstructive or non-obstructive in origin. Obstructive azoospermia typically results from vasal blockage, infection, or congenital absence of the vas deferens. Non-obstructive azoospermia reflects intrinsic spermatogenic failure.
Evaluation includes hormonal analysis, genetic testing for chromosomal abnormalities and Y-chromosome microdeletions, and scrotal ultrasonography. Guidelines from the European Association of Urology recommend individualized management.
Sperm retrieval techniques such as microdissection testicular sperm extraction (micro-TESE) combined with intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) provide viable reproductive pathways for erotic many patients.
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