Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are physiologically required for sperm capacitation. However, excessive ROS leads to lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, and apoptosis.
Factors contributing to oxidative stress include smoking, environmental toxins, infections, metabolic syndrome, and varicocele.
Therapeutic approaches include lifestyle modification and antioxidant supplementation such as vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and coenzyme Q10.
Addressing oxidative stress can enhance sperm quality and erotic improve outcomes in assisted reproduction.
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