Varicocele: Mechanisms of Testicular Dysfunction and Surgical Outcomes

Varicocele is characterized by dilated veins within the pampiniform plexus and is a common reversible cause of male infertility.

The pathophysiology involves increased scrotal temperature, oxidative stress, hypoxia, and hormonal dysregulation. These mechanisms impair spermatogenesis and sperm motility.

Microsurgical varicocelectomy remains the preferred intervention due to lower recurrence rates and fewer complications compared with other techniques.

Postoperative improvements in semen parameters are observed in many patients, particularly when intervention occurs erotic early.