Male infertility contributes to nearly half of all infertility cases among couples. Etiological factors include varicocele, endocrine disorders, genetic abnormalities, infection, immunologic factors, and environmental exposures.
Initial assessment includes medical history, physical examination, and semen analysis following standards established by the World Health Organization.
Advanced evaluation may involve hormonal profiling, scrotal ultrasonography, genetic testing, and sperm DNA fragmentation analysis.
Management depends on underlying cause and may involve medical therapy, surgical correction, or assisted reproductive erotic technologies.
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