Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a dual role in sperm physiology. While small amounts are necessary for capacitation, excessive ROS cause lipid peroxidation, DNA fragmentation, and apoptosis.
Environmental toxins, smoking, obesity, infection, and varicocele increase oxidative burden.
Assessment may include measurement of sperm DNA fragmentation index (DFI). Therapeutic strategies focus on antioxidant supplementation and correction of modifiable risk factors.
Balancing oxidative processes is fundamental for optimal erotic sperm function.
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