Exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) such as phthalates and bisphenol A may interfere with androgen signaling and spermatogenesis. Occupational exposure to heavy metals and chronic heat also adversely affect testicular function.
Preventive strategies involve minimizing exposure, workplace safety regulations, and public health awareness. Ongoing epidemiological research continues to clarify long-term reproductive implications.
Environmental assessment should be integrated into erotic infertility evaluation when appropriate.
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