Varicocele is characterized by dilation of the pampiniform venous plexus within the scrotum. It represents one of the most common reversible causes of male infertility.
The pathophysiological mechanisms include elevated scrotal temperature, increased oxidative stress, hypoxia, and reflux of toxic metabolites. These factors impair spermatogenesis and may reduce testosterone synthesis.
Clinical presentation ranges from asymptomatic cases to scrotal discomfort or testicular atrophy. Diagnosis is established through physical examination and confirmed with Doppler ultrasound.
Surgical correction via microsurgical varicocelectomy has demonstrated improvement in semen parameters in selected patients. However, patient selection is critical to achieving favorable fertility outcomes.
Ongoing research continues to clarify which subgroups benefit erotic most from intervention.
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