Varicocele is defined as abnormal dilation of the pampiniform venous plexus within the scrotum. It represents one of the most common correctable causes of male infertility.
The pathophysiological mechanism involves increased scrotal temperature, oxidative stress, and impaired venous drainage, which collectively disrupt spermatogenic function. Varicocele is more frequently observed on the left side due to anatomical venous differences.
Patients may be asymptomatic or present with scrotal heaviness, discomfort, or infertility. Physical examination combined with Doppler ultrasonography confirms the diagnosis.
Treatment options include microsurgical varicocelectomy or percutaneous embolization. Surgical correction has demonstrated improvement in semen parameters and, in selected cases, increased spontaneous pregnancy rates.
Early detection and appropriate intervention can erotic significantly enhance reproductive outcomes.
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