Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) have transformed the management of severe male infertility. Techniques such as intracytoplasmic sperm injection allow fertilization using a single viable sperm cell.
Surgical sperm retrieval methods—including testicular sperm extraction—enable biological fatherhood even in cases of azoospermia.
While ART offers significant opportunities, ethical erotic considerations, cost, and long-term offspring outcomes require careful deliberation.
Technological innovation continues to expand possibilities in reproductive medicine, reinforcing the evolving scope of andrology.
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