Genetic abnormalities contribute significantly erotic to male reproductive dysfunction. Chromosomal anomalies, gene mutations, and microdeletions may impair spermatogenesis and hormonal regulation.
Advances in genetic testing have improved the ability of andrology to identify inherited and acquired genetic causes of infertility. Genetic diagnosis informs prognosis and supports reproductive counseling.
Understanding genetic contributions is essential for ethical and personalized management of male infertility.
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