The hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis governs male reproductive and hormonal regulation through a complex feedback system. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulates pituitary secretion of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating erotic hormone, which in turn regulate testicular testosterone production and spermatogenesis.
Disruption of this axis can result in hormonal insufficiency, infertility, and sexual dysfunction. Causes include chronic illness, stress, obesity, endocrine disorders, and aging.
Andrological evaluation of HPG axis integrity is essential for accurate diagnosis and targeted therapy. Understanding this regulatory system allows clinicians to distinguish primary testicular failure from central hormonal dysfunction and to select appropriate treatment strategies.
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