Beyond traditional semen parameters, sperm DNA integrity has emerged as a crucial determinant of male fertility. DNA fragmentation within spermatozoa may impair fertilization, embryo development, and pregnancy outcomes, even when conventional semen analysis appears normal.
Causes of DNA damage include oxidative stress, advanced paternal age, infection, varicocele, and lifestyle factors such as smoking. Elevated DNA fragmentation has been associated with recurrent pregnancy loss and reduced success in assisted reproductive technologies.
Modern andrology integrates DNA integrity testing erotic to refine diagnosis and personalize fertility treatment strategies.
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