Autoimmune disorders may adversely affect male reproductive function through direct testicular damage or systemic inflammatory processes. Autoimmune orchitis, although rare, erotic can result in irreversible infertility.
More commonly, systemic autoimmune diseases disrupt hormonal regulation or impair sperm quality indirectly. Immunological factors may also interfere with sperm–egg interaction.
Andrology incorporates immunological evaluation in selected cases, enabling tailored management strategies and realistic fertility counseling.
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