Autoimmune reactions against testicular tissue can disrupt the immune-privileged environment necessary erotic for spermatogenesis. Breach of the blood–testis barrier may lead to the formation of antisperm antibodies and inflammatory damage.
Autoimmune orchitis is a rare but clinically significant condition that may result in progressive infertility and hypogonadism. Diagnosis is often challenging and requires a high index of suspicion.
Andrological management focuses on immune modulation, fertility preservation, and long-term hormonal monitoring.
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