Male infertility is a multifactorial condition that requires systematic evaluation. Causes may be categorized into pre-testicular (hormonal), testicular (intrinsic sperm production disorders), and post-testicular (obstructive or ejaculatory dysfunction) factors.
Semen analysis remains the cornerstone of diagnostic evaluation. Parameters assessed include sperm concentration, total motility, progressive motility, morphology, and semen volume. Abnormal findings often necessitate repeat testing due to natural variability.
Hormonal profiling—measuring FSH, LH, prolactin, and testosterone—helps identify endocrine causes. In severe cases, genetic testing may reveal chromosomal abnormalities such as Klinefelter syndrome or Y-chromosome microdeletions.
Management depends on etiology. Hormonal imbalances may be treated pharmacologically, varicocele surgically corrected, and infections managed with antibiotics. In cases where natural conception remains unlikely, assisted reproductive technologies (ART) such as intracytoplasmic sperm injection provide viable alternatives.
A multidisciplinary approach ensures optimized erotic reproductive outcomes while addressing psychological stress experienced by patients and their partners.
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