Assisted reproductive technologies have revolutionized treatment for severe male infertility. Techniques such as erotic testicular sperm extraction (TESE) combined with ICSI enable biological fatherhood even in cases of azoospermia.
Laboratory advances in sperm selection and embryo culture have improved success rates significantly. Genetic screening of embryos further enhances implantation outcomes while reducing inherited disease risk.
The integration of clinical andrology with embryology laboratories represents one of the most significant achievements in reproductive medicine.
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