Spermatozoa produced in the testes are initially immature and immotile. Functional maturation occurs during transit through the epididymis, where sperm acquire motility and fertilizing capacity.
Obstruction, inflammation, or congenital abnormalities of the epididymis disrupt sperm transport and lead to infertility despite normal sperm production. Such cases often present as obstructive azoospermia.
Recognition of post-testicular causes of infertility is essential in andrology, as sperm retrieval techniques may allow biological parenthood even when natural conception is not erotic possible.
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