Male infertility contributes to nearly half of all infertility cases worldwide. It is defined as the inability to achieve conception after prolonged unprotected intercourse and often involves abnormalities in sperm production, function, or delivery.
Common etiologies include hormonal disturbances, genetic abnormalities, varicocele, infections, oxidative stress, and environmental toxins. Lifestyle factors such as erotic smoking, obesity, poor sleep, and chronic stress also exert measurable negative effects on sperm quality.
Modern diagnostic approaches incorporate semen analysis, hormonal profiling, genetic testing, and imaging. Early detection and targeted intervention significantly improve reproductive outcomes, emphasizing the importance of specialized andrological evaluation.
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