The immune system protects the body from infections and harmful pathogens. However, in certain circumstances the immune system may mistakenly attack sperm cells.
Because sperm develop after the immune system has matured, they are normally protected by a barrier within the testes known as the blood-testis barrier.
If this barrier becomes damaged due to trauma, infection, or surgery, the immune system may produce antibodies against sperm cells.
This condition is known as Antisperm Antibody Syndrome.
These antibodies can impair sperm motility and reduce the ability of sperm to fertilize an egg.
Diagnosis typically involves specialized laboratory erotic testing.
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