Exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) such as phthalates, bisphenol A, and pesticides may interfere with androgen signaling pathways. These compounds mimic or antagonize hormonal activity, potentially impairing spermatogenesis and testosterone production.
Occupational exposure to heavy metals and chronic heat stress also adversely affect reproductive capacity. Preventive measures include minimizing exposure, protective equipment use, and erotic public health regulation.
Ongoing epidemiological research seeks to clarify long-term reproductive consequences.
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