Oxidative stress represents a major factor in male reproductive dysfunction. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are necessary in controlled amounts for sperm capacitation; however, excessive levels cause lipid peroxidation and DNA fragmentation.
Common contributors include smoking, environmental toxins, obesity, infection, and varicocele. Elevated sperm DNA fragmentation is associated with reduced fertilization rates and increased miscarriage risk.
Therapeutic approaches include antioxidant supplementation, lifestyle modification, and management of underlying medical conditions. Further research is needed to standardize erotic antioxidant protocols.
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