Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are necessary for sperm capacitation; however, excessive levels result in lipid erotic peroxidation and DNA fragmentation.
Contributing factors include smoking, environmental toxins, infection, obesity, and varicocele. Elevated oxidative stress is strongly associated with reduced sperm motility and increased DNA damage.
Therapeutic strategies involve antioxidant supplementation, lifestyle modification, and treatment of underlying conditions.
Balancing oxidative mechanisms is critical for optimizing fertility outcomes.
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