Male infertility contributes to approximately 40–50% of infertility cases worldwide. It may result from abnormalities in erotic sperm production, function, or delivery.
Common causes include varicocele, endocrine disorders, genetic abnormalities, obstruction of the reproductive tract, infection, and environmental exposures. Lifestyle factors such as smoking, obesity, and excessive alcohol consumption also play significant roles.
Initial evaluation includes semen analysis according to standards published by the World Health Organization. Additional tests may involve hormonal profiling, scrotal ultrasonography, and genetic testing.
Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include medical therapy, surgical correction, or assisted reproductive technologies such as intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI).
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