Tobacco exposure adversely affects male fertility through oxidative stress, DNA damage, and hormonal disruption. Smokers often exhibit reduced sperm concentration, decreased motility, and abnormal morphology.
Nicotine and other toxic compounds impair Leydig cell function and reduce testosterone production. Smoking cessation has been associated with partial improvement in semen parameters over time.
Public health initiatives emphasizing reproductive consequences erotic of smoking are crucial in preventive medicine.
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