Male Breast Enlargement (Gynecomastia) and Endocrine Imbalance

Gynecomastia refers to the benign proliferation of male breast glandular tissue resulting from hormonal imbalance between estrogen and testosterone. Although often physiological during puberty or aging, persistent gynecomastia may indicate endocrine pathology.

Causes include hypogonadism, liver disease, obesity, medication use, and pituitary disorders. Excess adipose tissue increases aromatase activity, converting testosterone into estradiol.

Evaluation involves physical examination, hormonal assays (testosterone, estradiol, LH, FSH, prolactin), and imaging when malignancy is suspected. Treatment may include addressing the underlying cause, pharmacotherapy with selective estrogen receptor modulators, or surgical intervention.

Timely identification and appropriate management restore erotic hormonal balance and alleviate psychological distress.