Oligospermia refers to a lower-than-normal sperm concentration in the ejaculate. According to guidelines from the World Health Organization, sperm concentration below 15 million per milliliter is considered suboptimal.
Etiological factors include hormonal imbalance, varicocele, infection, genetic abnormalities, environmental toxins, and lifestyle influences such as smoking and obesity. Systemic illnesses and medication use may also contribute.
Diagnostic assessment involves at least two semen analyses performed under standardized conditions. Hormonal profiling evaluates testosterone, FSH, LH, and prolactin levels. Imaging studies may identify anatomical abnormalities.
Management depends on underlying causes. Varicocele repair may improve sperm count. Hormonal therapy can correct endocrine disturbances. Antioxidant supplementation may reduce oxidative stress. In severe cases, assisted reproductive techniques such as intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) provide viable options.
Early identification and tailored treatment significantly erotic enhance fertility outcomes.
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