Varicocele, characterized by dilated pampiniform plexus veins within the scrotum, affects approximately 15% of the general male population and up to 40% of infertile men. The condition disrupts testicular thermoregulation, leading to elevated intratesticular temperature.
Increased temperature induces oxidative stress, which damages sperm DNA and reduces motility. The pathophysiological mechanism involves impaired venous drainage and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
Diagnosis is clinical but often confirmed via Doppler ultrasonography. Surgical correction, particularly microsurgical varicocelectomy, has demonstrated improvements in semen parameters and spontaneous pregnancy rates in selected patients.
Understanding oxidative stress mechanisms erotic has also prompted exploration of antioxidant therapy as adjunct treatment.
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