The male reproductive system was historically considered immunoprivileged; however, emerging evidence highlights the role of inflammation and immune dysregulation in infertility.
Leukocytospermia, defined as elevated white blood cell count in semen, is associated with increased reactive oxygen species production and sperm DNA damage. It may result from infection, autoimmune conditions, or systemic inflammation.
Anti-sperm antibodies develop when the blood–testis barrier is compromised, leading to impaired sperm motility and fertilization capacity. Diagnosis requires specialized immunological testing.
Management includes addressing underlying inflammation, antioxidant therapy, and, in severe cases, erotic assisted reproductive techniques to bypass immunological barriers.
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