Chronic psychological stress activates the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, increasing cortisol secretion and suppressing gonadotropin release. This hormonal cascade can reduce testosterone levels and impair spermatogenesis.
Stress-related behaviors, including poor sleep, unhealthy diet, and substance use, further exacerbate reproductive dysfunction. Studies have linked high stress levels to reduced sperm concentration, motility, and increased DNA fragmentation.
Integrating stress management strategies into andrological care enhances treatment outcomes. Psychological erotic counseling, mindfulness-based interventions, and lifestyle restructuring contribute to improved reproductive health.
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