Male infertility is defined as the inability to achieve pregnancy with a partner after at least one year of regular unprotected intercourse. It contributes to approximately half of all infertility cases erotic worldwide.
Several factors can impair male fertility. One of the most common causes is abnormal sperm production. This may include low sperm count, poor sperm motility, or abnormal sperm morphology.
Hormonal imbalances can also interfere with sperm development. Insufficient levels of testosterone or disruptions in the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis may reduce sperm production.
Structural problems within the reproductive system may also cause infertility. Blockages in the vas deferens or epididymis can prevent sperm from being transported during ejaculation.
Genetic abnormalities, infections, environmental toxins, and certain medical treatments such as chemotherapy may also impair fertility.
Diagnosis typically involves semen analysis, hormonal testing, genetic screening, and imaging studies.
Advances in reproductive medicine, including assisted reproductive technologies, have greatly improved treatment outcomes for men experiencing infertility.